A Blog by Jonathan Low

 

Feb 13, 2016

Robot Room Service Coming To Hotels

Will robot guests be next? JL

Megan Geuss reports in ars technica:

When a guest requests, hotel staff can fill the 3-foot robot with the necessary items, punch in the guest’s room, and the robot wirelessly calls the elevator. Using Wi-Fi and 3D cameras to navigate, (it) calls the phone in the guest’s room when it arrives. A Residence Inn in Los Angeles (said)  guests sometimes call to order things from the front desk just so they can get a visit from the robot.

The Lone Wolf Inventor and Other Myths That Kill Creativity

The team outperforms the brilliant loner, legend to the contrary. JL

Jessica Stillman comments in Inc.:

Thomas Edison. His name is on 10,000 patents. He did not invent a single thing. He marshaled people together and knew how to spot innovations and put people together like. And Jobs? All he did "was notice patterns and put people together to finish projects... If he doesn't have [Steve] Wozniak, there is no original Apple, right. If he doesn't have [Jony] Ive, there is no iPod. If he doesn't have Tony Fadell, there is no iPhone."

Who Controls Your Facebook Feed?

Facebook's algorithm needs some human help. JL

Will Oremus reports in Slate:

Facebook’s news feed algorithm is surprisingly inelegant, maddeningly mercurial, and stubbornly opaque. The social network has been running a test in which it shows some users the top post in their news feed alongside one other, asking them to pick the one they’d prefer. The result? The algorithm’s rankings correspond to the user’s preferences “sometimes.” An algorithm can optimize for a given outcome, but it can’t tell you what that outcome should be.

Driverless Cars Struggle in Snow

The majority of likely initial customers for autonomous vehicles, aka driverless cars, live in regions where snow is likely and icy winter driving conditions are common.

So, yeah, that could be an issue. JL

Keith Naughton reports in Bloomberg:

With about 70 percent of the U.S. population living in the snow belt, learning how to navigate in rough weather is crucial for mass appeal, reduc(ing) road deaths and overcom(ing) traffic congestion. “I don’t think that we should expect that in a blinding snowstorm the autonomous vehicle will be fine. We have to be a bit careful when we have real customers."

Coca-Cola Fights For Trademark Rights to 'Zero'

Christian Louboutin sued to own the use of the color red on shoes. Now Coke is suing for the trademark rights to the word zero.

In a cluttered media environment, simple images command increased value. The question is to what degree anyone should be allowed to own any concept so universally understood based on prior use. But, as they say, that's why you hire lawyers. JL


Mike Esterl reports in Dow Jones via Nasdaq:

Who knew "zero" could be so valuable? The Canadian Intellectual Property Office rejected Coke's trademark application, ruling "zero" simply relayed caloric information. Coke had argued "zero" could refer to many things, including no alcohol, sodium or animal products.

The Downside of Delivery

Those pesky human elements in the home delivery model are becoming a drag on profits - and a threat to survival.

Turnover generates the often unplanned costs of retention and replacement. Drivers are leaving Uber and Lyft - whose compensation packages are getting cheaper - for delivery services, only to find that the economics are not rosy there, either. The average stay of three to six months for drivers undermines the value proposition for founders, investors - and customers who have to bear the cost of service.

Like other aspects of the on-demand economy, delivery was based on the assumption that lots of wealthy urban millennials - and their doting boomer parents - would pay to avoid the hassles once associated with adult life. But that was before the global economic system and the capital markets went into freefall - as it does periodically. Oops. JL

Mike Isaac reports in the New York Times:

Based on a belief that the companies would succeed once they grew to enormous scale, entrepreneurs and investors are beginning to find that the economics of making a delivery service work are far from easy. The general consensus is that drivers really only stick around for three to six months.

Feb 12, 2016

The Advantage of a Chip That Will Give Your Phone AI Modeled on the Human Brain

Distintermediating the server. Technology continues to devour its own. JL

Michael Grothaus reports in Fast Company:

Eyeriss allows cores to talk to each other directly so they don’t need to use up a phone’s main memory. But perhaps the biggest advantage of Eyeriss is that it would mean smartphones would no longer need to talk to a distant server over an Internet connection. All algorithms could be run locally, meaning personal digital assistant services like Google Now and Siri would be much speedier

The Science Behind an Excellent Cup of Coffee

On that razor's edge between fascination and TMI. JL

Beth Mole reports in ars technica:

There are more than 1,000 chemicals in a typical cup of coffee. Scientists have nailed down the big players in terms of taste and potential health benefits.

Why the Maker of Roomba Vaccuums Is Getting Out of the Warbot Business


It's business, not personal. JL

Todd Frankel reports in the Washington Post:

Before Roomba hit store shelves, other devices could detect land mines. And IRobot’s PackBot searched for survivors in the ruins of the World Trade Center after the September 11th attacks.The maker of cute robotic vacuums is also the largest supplier of ground-based robots to the U.S. Department of Defense. After the many fat years fed by Afghanistan and Iraq, defense procurement is drying up. IRobot plans to sell its defense and security business

Feb 11, 2016

Big Data and Analytical Anarchy

Data springs from a base of prior knowledge. The key is recognizing the context - and the connection. JL

Rebecca Blumenstein interviews Hilary Mason and Andreas Weigend in the Wall Street Journal:

One of the common fallacies is that data is opposed to intuition.Data is a tool for enhancing intuition.

French Regulators Give Facebook Three Months to Stop Tracking Non-Users' Web Activity

The battle over who has the right to use personal data is intensifying but it is not yet apparent who will prevail. JL

Julia Fioretti reports in Reuters:

Facebook's tracking of non-users by placing a cookie on their browser without informing them when they visit a Facebook page did not comply with French privacy law. Facebook uses cookies that collect information then used for advertising without Internet users' consent.

In the Age of Hyperspeed, Why Is Corporate Decision Making Slowing Down?

More data available at faster speeds to greater numbers of decision makers. Sounds like a recipe for making better decisions quicker. But the reality is that by all relevant measures of performance, corporate decision making is slowing down.

The problem is not technology, nor even the volume of data. The real issue is risk aversion and organizational sclerosis: instead of reimagining the enterprise in order to optimize the impact of the data's volume and precision, managers are attempting to plug  enhanced devices and the knowledge they generate into traditional formats, which are comforting if inefficient. The entities that succeed will not bend data to extent systems, but guide their decisions by applying data. JL

Tom Monahan reports in Fortune:

Hiring a new employee now takes 63 days, up from 42 in 2010. Meanwhile the average time to deliver an office IT project increased by more than a month from 2010 to 2015, and now stands at over 10 months from start to delivery

Artificial Intelligence Systems Piloting Self-Driving Cars Are Drivers Under Federal Law: US Government

Now all we have to worry about is who's programming them. JL

David Shephardson and Paul Lienert report in Reuters:

"NHTSA (US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) will interpret 'driver' in the context of Google's described motor vehicle design as referring to the (self-driving system), and not to any of the vehicle occupants,"

Making Markets: Alibaba Is Training Chinese To Shop Online

Redefining customer-centric. JL

Davey Alba reports in Wired:

In thousands of villages across rural China the Alibaba kiosk, connected to the Internet for free on an Alibaba-provided computer, places an order. And (for those who've) never ordered online, an Alibaba service center manager who hails from the same town is by his side.Alibaba is mak(ing) sure as many of China’s 1.3 billion people as possible can shop online.The purchasing power of rural Chinese consumers remains largely untapped. And Alibaba knows it.

Inside Nevada's $1.3 Billion Bet on Tesla

Trading tax credits for future votes based on the hope they may generate jobs doesnt exactly dispel uncertainty.

But the real irony is that despite chronic complaints about 'government interference,' the public sector has become the venture capitalist of last resort in the face of private sector timidity. And at least someone's willing to try. JL

Colin Lecher reports in The Verge:

The factory isn’t for cars, but for batteries, which Tesla is making in partnership with Panasonic. Nevada is suddenly taking on industries more closely associated with Asia than with the Southwest, and it’s unclear if the state will see the domino effects it’s predicted. The job is to offer the best chance of success to a company, while minimizing the pitfalls so the state does not "suffer unduly. We don't pretend to be able to predict how these companies will do."

Intel: Future Chips Will Have To Sacrifice Speed for Power Efficiency

Gordon Moore, say it ain't so. JL

Katherine Bourzac reports in MIT Technology Review:

New technologies would not offer speed benefits over silicon transistors, suggesting that chips may stop getting faster at the pace that the technology industry has been used to. The new technologies would, however, improve the energy efficiency of chips, important for many leading uses of computing today, such as cloud computing, mobile devices, and robotics.

Does Your Team Think Digitally?

The difference between operating digitally - and being digital. A self-assessment tool. JL

Tanguy Catlin and colleagues report in Harvard Business Review:

Analyzing more than 200 companies around the world identified key digital strengths in four areas—strategy, culture, organization, and capabilities.

Understanding the Valuation Discrepancy Between Apple and Alphabet/Google

Transparency? Valuation is usually based on perceptions about net present value of future cash flows.

Alphabet/Google has been far more forthcoming about its plans, interests and 'moonshots' or investments in potential new products and services. Apple has traditionally treated the outside world with suspicion bordering on paranoia (well, maybe way beyond bordering on).

It is conceivable that in a period of uncertainty and market turbulence, the company sharing more data is reducing alliance partner and investor anxiety, especially when its competition - Apple, in this case - is so dependent on a product whose sales have slowed due to economics and market saturation. JL

Evan Niu reports in Motley Fool:

Despite similar market caps, Alphabet enjoys a much higher valuation than Apple. What gives?

Feb 10, 2016

Why Good CEOs Aren't Busy

Which is different from not working - and why understanding the distinction is crucial. JL

Mitchell Harper comments in Medium:

 If you start to do the work of your executive team, you’ve hired the wrong people. They should share their decisions and strategy with you, but you shouldn’t be creating it for them.

Forget Reality: See Now, Buy Now

Forget fashion shows and holiday sales and whatever your think your lyin' eyes are seeing: merchants are moving to a 'see now, buy now' model driven by mobile internet access.

Which means, if it's not for sale, it doesn't exist.

Reality disrupted. Again. JL

Vanessa Friedman reports in the New York Times:

It will no longer unveil clothes six months before they are available in stores.It will no longer separate its men’s wear and women’s wear shows.And it will no longer bother with traditional seasonal denominations; twice-yearly collections will be called, rather, September and February, “reflecting the time they are in-store/online,”

Core Employment - From Millennials to Boomers - Still Below January 2000 Levels

And observers wonder why voters are angry? JL

Mish Shedlock reports in his blog:

  • Today, core population is 5,284,000 above the level 16 years ago. Core employment is 796,000 below the level 16 years ago.

When a Popular Algorithm Becomes Your Personal Reality

Are consumers of internet services really starting to challenge big tech's attempts to manage what they see and, by extension, what they think? Or does it just seem that way? JL

Empty Wheel comments:

At its almost most dystopian, Twitter wants to take the serendipitous global conversation we’ve been having and instead replace it with a living dream world chosen for us algorithmically.

Why India Rejected Facebook's 'Free' Basic Internet - and Why It Matters

Well, for starters, 'Free Basics' wasn't really free. At least not if you wanted access to most of the data and services commonly associated with internet access. You could, if you were so inclined, simply be grateful that Facebook was making the internet available to you - via Facebook, of course.

But if you are a sovereign nation which has also produced the largest identifiable non-American subset of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and you have aspirations of creating your own, globally competitive tech industry, you probably don't want Facebook mediating what your citizens see, hear and from whom they buy - or dont.

Between the pushback against Google, Amazon and Apple in Europe, the difficulties encountered by virtually every enterprise in China and now the Indian stiff arm, notice is being served to Silicon Valley that the days of digital colonialism (and its extraordinary profits) may be ending. JL

Samantha Allen reports in The Daily Beast:

Advocates of net neutrality say that, by selecting the applications and services made available, zero-rated initiatives like Facebook’s Free Basics give private companies too much control over which parts of the Internet people see and use, and which they don’t. Free Basics is not really “free Internet”; it includes low-data versions of Facebook and other services from independent developers that must be submitted to Facebook for review.

What Entrepreneurs Need To Accelerate Innovation

When contemplating the elements of business success, it is always tempting to cue Frank Sinatra singing 'I did it my way.'

But the reality, as the following article explains, is that truly world-changing innovations in this economy are the result of collaborative efforts involving not just a few driven individuals, but a network of academic, governmental and financial supporters whose concerted contributions determine the scale, if not the certainty of the outcome.

Technological innovation and its globalizing effects have changed the definition of success. Which means that the economics are now dependent on the complex interplay of elements whose impact can be seen even as we struggle to measure and manage them. Tangibles that once defined the nature of the word 'asset' are now dwarfed by intangibles whose influence we struggle to identify let alone capture.

The future will belong to those who are able to recognize the importance these forces and then weave them into a coherent whole. JL

Greg Satell comments in Digital Tonto:

People like Steve Jobs and Elon Musk don’t succeed on their own. We live in a world of the visceral abstract, in which our most important products come from the most unlikely ideas. Look at any marvel of our technological age, whether it be an iPhone, a self driving car or a miracle cure and you’ll find three things: An academic theory, a government program and an entrepreneurial instinct. Innovation is complex, requiring us to integrate a variety of efforts.

Feb 9, 2016

Why It's So Hard To Succeed In Silicon Valley If You Grew Up Poor

How intangible inequalities outweigh the obvious, tangible ones.  JL

Ricky Yean reports in Vox:

Being poor makes you suck at using money as a resource. My time was always cheaper growing up, so I'd rather spend time than spend money. Tangible inequalities  —  that which can be seen and measured, like money or access  —  get the majority of the attention. But inequalities in your mind can keep the deck stacked against you long after you've made it

Fighting for the Right To Repair Electronics: A New Tech Battleground

Wait: you're not allowed to repair stuff you've bought?

Well, no, pilgrim, because who told you that buying something like a car or a smartphone actually meant you own the technology in it?

Convergent trends - stagnating household incomes and growing consumer confidence with regard to their devices - is creating greater demand for the right to repair.

The countervailing forces come from manufacturers insisting that attempts by anyone other than experts they sanction or employ will cause security or quality problems. But this is an economic and control issue more than anything else - and one senses the manufacturers are fighting a losing rear-guard action. JL

Jason Koebler reports in Motherboard:

Repair groups announced that they have formed The Repair Coalition, a lobbying and advocacy group that will focus on reforming the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to preserve the “right to repair” anything from cell phones and computers to tractors, watches, refrigerators, and cars. It  will require manufacturers to sell parts to independent repair shops and consumers and prevent them from artificially locking down their products to would-be repairers.

Chinese Investors Buy the Chicago Stock Exchange and Its Technology

Chinese acquisitions of US and European companies are usually investigated by the national governments involved in order to vet 'security' issues. There is some value in those exercises, especially where technology is at risk. But really, what they are doing is providing cover to determine whether any ostensible nationalistic outrage about the buyers outweighs the commercial benefits accrued by the sellers.

In this case, the public relations effect of Chinese buying one of Chicago's proud capital markets centers may be greater than the financial impact of the modest Chicago exchange. That the event is more significant for what it infers about shifting socio-economic trends than for any operational reason does not lessen the import of the shift in ownership. JL

Paul Welitzkin reports in China Daily:

A Chinese-led investor group is buying the Chicago Stock Exchange, also known as CHX, to eventually list Chinese companies on it, and also may use CHX's technology and model to start an equities exchange where it is based in China.

How Greater Transparency Adds Market Value to Tech Companies

In an era of big data, providing more information adds value because better understanding leads to more certain outcomes.

This is contrary to the traditional business belief that cards should be played close to the vest but makes perfect sense in a knowledge-driven economy.  JL

Alistair Barr reports in the Wall Street Journal:

Put a value on this new transparency: an extra glimpse inside Alphabet's main profit engine has added $24 billion to the company's value, or more than twice the value of Twitter Inc.There is precedent for this. In the past 1 1/2 years, Amazon.com Inc., Netflix Inc. and Expedia Inc. disclosed more information about different parts of their businesses. Shares of all three rose.

No User Interface Is the New User Interface

You are the interface. JL

Tony Aube comments in Tech Crunch:

While messaging has become central to our everyday lives, it’s currently only used in the narrow context of personal communications. What if we could extend messaging beyond this? What if messaging could transform the way we interact with computers the same way it transformed the way we interact with each other?

IBM Buys Three Companies In a Week, Now Has 10,000 Employees Working on Digital Advertising

IBM's attempt to transform itself into a digital ad agency probably makes somewhat more sense than GE's foray into entertainment when it acquired NBC. At least IBM was already in the digital business and ad-driven search is a profitable business model.

But there is something kinda bizarre and desperate about a computer hardware sales behemoth trying to become a free-flowing creative tech innovator. It's not that it doesn't make strategic sense, but it's whether a company that prides itself on being a straitlaced corporate monolith can really put its heart into this and successfully manage the transformation. JL

Julie Bort reports in Business Insider:

IBM is under a lot of pressure these days to turn itself around as its huge, cash-cow hardware business has been shrinking. (The acquired) companies are joining the IBM iX unit, which now employs a whopping 10,000 people. IBM claims that iX is the largest digital agency worldwide

Feb 8, 2016

The Art of Living Car-lessly

Between high-speed algorithmic securities trading, corporate unbundling and now, automobiles, the markets appear to be sending a signal that tangible assets are all anchors and ownership is for suckers. And maybe they're right. JL

Jonathan Margolis reports in the Financial Times:

The market is evolving ownership alternatives. A new one is “fractional car ownership”. General Motors, Ford, Audi and BMW are all reportedly trialling plans for several people to share leasing a car. It works with private jets...

Why Rooftop Solar Wars Between Utilities and Consumers Are 'Heating Up'

The big electric and gas utilities are fighting the threat to their financial model posed by rooftop solar's redistribution of power - and cash flow.

As their friends in the entertainment industry could tell them if they were willing to listen, it's a losing battle. Any technology that devolves more choice and control to consumers, remains there by popular demand - and finance. JL

Carl Pope reports in EcoWatch:

Utilities don’t mind that solar is renewable, zero carbon and enjoys free fuel—as long as they own it. But solar is also modular and decentralized - they don’t want to compete with their own customers. Rooftop threatens both sunk utility investments in centralized fossil power plants and their rigid, “big to small—guaranteed return on capital” business model. Rooftop solar will force utilities to transform their business model to accommodate the small generator to large grid flow.

Why Are Corporations, Especially in Tech, Hoarding Trillions in Cash?

Is this a sign that executives currently believe the returns to cash are greater than the future returns to investment in innovation? 

The bigger question may be why their fears seem to be dominating their greed - and which may explain why capital markets are skittish and activist investors are saying, in effect, 'if you're too frightened to spend it, we'll take it,' even from companies like Apple. JL

Adam Davidson reports in the New York Times:

With $80 billion, Google could buy Uber and its Indian rival Ola and still have enough left over to buy Palantir. Or it could buy Goldman Sachs or American Express or Costco or eBay or a quarter of Amazon. Surely it could use those acquisitions to earn more than 2 cents on the dollar. General Motors now holds nearly half its value in cash. Apple holds more than a third.

Europe's Top Court Mulls Legality of Hyperlinks to Copyrighted Content

Rather than throw a spanner into contemporary knowledge transfer and digital commerce system, a worst-case scenario in the outcome of this case, in addition to Europe's recent myopic - and petulant  - decisions about privacy, may cause global strategists to assess whether Europe, with its stagnant population and economy, is really worth the trouble. JL

Glyn Moody reports in ars technica:

If the CJEU rules that every web user, in Europe and beyond, is expected to verify the copyright status of every item on a page before linking to that page, it could effectively destroy the web as we know it today.

Amazon's Retail Store Plans Go Beyond Books

Just as the website was originally devoted to books and then expanded. Dramatically. JL

Jason Del Rey reports in re/code:

The retail team’s mission is to reimagine what shopping in a physical store would be like if you merged the best of physical retail with the best of Amazon.

What Are the Corporate Cultures Than Help or Hinder Digital Transformation?

It may be that the real cause of the technological productivity paradox has little to do with technology and a lot to do with psychology.

There is little doubt that technology can optimize an enterprise's performance. In the current milieu, it is even more apparent that the absence of technology is unsustainable, even unimaginable.

But to optimize the impact of technology, as the following article explains, the institution - however small or large, must reorganize around the potential to benefit from the investment and the developmental enhancements it offers. The problem for many leaders and their management teams is the threat that represents to hierarchy, to ego and to compensation.

Highly centralized cultures inhibit the inherent democratization of systems, practices and performance. Organizations strong and self-confident enough to embrace these changes are the ones most likely to benefit from them. JL

Jane McConnell reports in Harvard Business Review:

Digital transformation is a threat to management practices that have existed for decades. Highly centralized decision-making is the work culture with the most negative impact on digital transformation.

Feb 7, 2016

How Apple Produced Both the Best - and the Worst - Super Bowl Ads of All Time

It is curious that Apple, a company whose technology helps people transcend time, produced its two most memorable ads -  both best and worst - by focusing on the impact of temporal matters - 1984 and Y2K.  

It can also be argued that the commercial impact on product sales of both ads was muted, suggesting that that was never the point. And maybe still isn't.  JL

Justin Peters reports in Slate:

The '1984' ad was to Super Bowl commercials what Joe Montana was to Super Bowl quarterbacks: a new standard of excellence. Before “1984,” nobody ever claimed that they watched the Super Bowl for the commercials. (But) it is a surprise that Apple is also responsible for the worst. During the 1999 Super Bowl, Apple cast the murderous computer from Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey to frighten consumers into buying a Macintosh

Is Multi-Tasking Killing Your Brain?

The put down aside, walking and chewing gum at the same time is more challenging than you think. Especially if you're trying to read your texts while you're contemplating that. JL

Larry Kim reports in Medium:

When people think they’re multitasking, they’re actually just switching from one task to another very rapidly. And there’s a cognitive cost. Multitasking makes it more difficult to organize thoughts and filter out irrelevant information, and it reduces the efficiency and quality of our work. Subjects who multitasked while performing cognitive tasks experienced significant IQ drops similar to what you see in individuals who skip a night of sleep or who smoke marijuana.

US Ranks 55th Globally in 4G Download Speeds - Between Russia and Argentina

US carriers appear to have traded off speed for coverage. This is a sensible strategy given the economics of their oligopoly status which rewards market share.

But it may not be the optimal customer service strategy if you believe in the theory of technological disruption. JL

Stacy Liberatore reports in the Daily Mail:

No other large countries have managed to build the vast 4G infrastructures the U.S. and Japan have deployed, yet American and Japanese LTE networks can’t match the speed offered by most of the world’s 4G operators.

Error 53: Your Repaired iPhone Is Dead

Apple's distrust of third parties is well known. Some of it, historically, stems from a sense of superiority with regard to competitors and even alliance partners. But some is of more recent vintage and may be the result of concerns that the company's dominance is ending.

It is ironic that a firm so determined to fight 'Big Brother' is behaving identically when it comes to customers exhibiting even a modicum of personal initiative, especially when those efforts do not result in profits for Apple. It is hard to see how this type of abusive behavior will accrue to the brand's behavior in the short or long term. JL

Jack Nicas reports in the Wall Street Journal:

A cryptic Apple error message is informing some iPhone owners that their devices, repaired by outsiders, are dead, in what some people view as an Apple effort to exert more control over repairs to its products. Killing a phone because of a replaced or faulty fingerprint sensor is harsh because the replaced sensors are often recycled Apple parts and function as well as the original. The policy appears to fit a recent pattern to undermine third-party vendors.

Why Are Millennials So Unhappy At Work?

The reasons why Millennials are unhappy at work may not be all the different from the feelings of prior generations: disappointment, boredom, perceived lack of advancement opportunity.

What may be harder to to figure out is what to do about it in this socio-economic environment. JL

Peter Economy reports in Inc:

Seventy-one percent of Millennials are disengaged at their jobs. The disparity between expectation and reality is the reason.

How the Super Bowl Became America's Most Important Event

Televised violence, gambling, alcohol, nachos and friends. Why wouldn't we watch?

As for tonight: my house, 6PM (serious fans watch at least some of the pre-game festivities, which truth to tell, actually began two weeks ago): wings, barbecue, home-made guacamole, home-made pie, your adult beverage of choice. Don't be late, there is only so much couch space. JL

Justin Peters reports in Slate:

Why are we still watching it? Is it stupid habit? Is it a sense of obligation? Are we hooked to the annual Super Bowl party? Are we addicts who like combining all of our drugs—watching football, drinking, eating, gambling—into one glorious binge. No other major sporting championship consistently falls as flat as does the Super Bowl. Sociologist Émile Durkheim described “collective effervescence”: in which members of a community, catalyzed by some overwhelming ritual observance, become of one mind. The concept is useful to understand sporting manias. Just as the ties that bind us to faith seem to defy rational explanation.