A Blog by Jonathan Low

 

Jul 8, 2017

Paying With Your Face

Aside from privacy concerns (for those who still believe they can do something about it), the facial recognition payment technology does raise questions about the effect of plastic surgery on one's financial security. JL

Will Knight reports in MIT Technology Review:

It is possible to transfer money through Alipay, a mobile payment app used by more than 120 million people in China, using only your face as credentials. Didi, China’s dominant ride-hailing company, uses the Face++ software to let passengers confirm that the person behind the wheel is a legitimate driver. The technology figures to take off in China first because of the country’s attitudes toward surveillance and privacy.

Viral Vodka: Smirnoff Ad Trolls Trump's Travails With Russia Vote Hacking

Smirnoff, a vodka brand founded by a Russian, owned by a British conglomerate and manufactured at an American plant in Plainfield, Illinois is running ads playing on the President's travails regarding Russian meddling in the 2016 election.

Relying on social media virality rather than expensive ad buys, the campaign has used public attention as a force multiplier for consumer attention. JL

E. J. Schultz reports in Advertising Age:

In new ads, the nation's largest vodka brand states that it is "made in America but we'd be happy to talk about our Russian ties under oath." While the ad buy was limited, Smirnoff is getting worldwide attention on social media.

To End Distracted Driving, It Helps To Figure Out How People Actually Drive

Consumer behavior suggests they are aware of the risks - and just as fully intend to ignore them in favor of convenience and connectivity.

The issue is whether technology can be designed and implemented cost-effectively enough to make a difference. JL

Aarian Marshall reports in Wired:

It all comes down to eye glances. The time you spend looking on the road matters. If your glances at  texts are longer than the darting ones you make back to the highway in front of you, you lose awareness of where you are in space. Smartphones and in-car infotainment systems present a new issue: The driver isn’t really deciding when to engage with the product. “If the phone goes brrrrring, you feel socially or emotionally compelled to respond to it.” An anti-distraction product could adapt to the kind of driver behind the wheel

The Reason You Won't Be Buying Coffee With Bitcoin Anytime Soon

The cost of using bitcoin has become such a large percentage of the transaction that it is no longer competitive.

This is probably a transitory growing pain as the market sorts itself out, but it suggests that the 'no oversight' model is fading, not because of regulatory pressure, but in the face of its own internal contradictions. JL

Paul Vigna reports in the Wall Street Journal:

The cost for investors and consumers to buy or sell bitcoin hit an average of $5 per transaction in June, the highest rate of its eight-year history as an alternative means of payment. Two years ago, it was less than a nickel. The growing use of bitcoin, whose total value now exceeds $40 billion, is stretching the limits of its current market structure. The fees are being borne by users.“The reason behind bitcoin isn’t really there anymore. Any currency where you have to pay a huge portion of the transaction just for the privilege of using that currency is no currency.”

Why Millennials' Favorite Brands List Contains Surprises

JPMorgan? Delta? Visa? Bellagio?Ace Hardware? Uber?

Well what do you know; millennials care about value, convenience and service, just like other humans. High tech or not. Marketers take note. JL

Robert Klara reports in Ad Week:

Millennials may well be more socially aware and politically progressive that older generations, but, they appear to behave like everyone else when it comes to spending money. That means: Ethics are good, but price and convenience carry the day.

Malls Forced To Shift Store Mix From Stuff To Experiences In Amazon Era

Malls are being hit by twin shocks: first, the continued growth of ecommerce - fueled by price and convenience. And second, the aging of the population in most developed economies, which means that many people with the most disposable income no longer need or want to by much stuff.

As a result the malls are attempting to differentiate themselves - and retain customers - by offering a stronger mix of experiences as well as traditional stores. JL

Sarah Mulholland reports in Bloomberg:

Costs are escalating as mall owners work to keep their real estate up to date and fill the void left by failing stores. More than a dozen retailers have gone bankrupt this year as the shift toward online shopping accelerates. 13,000 stores are forecast to close next year, compared with 4,000 in 2016 The companies are turning to everything from restaurants and bars to mini-golf courses and rock-climbing gyms to draw in customers who appear more interested in being entertained during a trip to the mall than they are in buying clothes and electronics.

Jul 7, 2017

The 4th Industrial Age Will Be About Artificial Intelligence Understanding Us, Not Other Way Around

And about time, too. JL

John Brandon reports in Venture Beat:

In the Fourth Industrial Age, technology will slide further behind the curtain into more of an assistive role, not all about shiny new gadgets and operating system updates.We won’t think as much about the next iPhone or the latest Android tweaks; we’ll care about how much the interfaces, hardware, and connections can customize themselves to meet our needs and then step out of the way. "We’ll stop being enamored by tech. Tech will be enamored by us."

Why Designers' Jobs Are Not At Risk From Automation

Aside - ironically - from software engineers, for whom the automation threat is considerably greater than for graphic designers, fashion designers, interior designers and even floral designers.

Because creativity has not been automated. Yet. JL


Meg Miller reports in Fast Company:

For graphic designers, the risk of losing their job to automation (8.2%) is low relative to other professions, and architects have a much lower risk (1.8%). Interior designers (2.2%), floral designers (4.7%), fashion designers (2.1%), and landscape architects (4.5%) join graphic designers and architect in the “totally safe” risk category. Urban and regional planner (13%) and software engineer (13%) are the only design jobs listed that climb to double digits.

As Volvo Goes All-Electric, Data Suggests Other Automakers Are Following

Because electric is becoming more competitive economically as lithium-ion battery prices drop and depleting oil reserves suggest gas prices will inevitably rise. JL

Alexander Kaufman reports in Huffington Post:

By 2040, electric vehicles are predicted to make up 54% of worldwide new car sales, with 67% of the market in Europe, 58% in the U.S. and 51% in China. The falling price of lithium-ion batteries is driving the shift. The average price of the batteries plummeted last year to $273 per kilowatt hour (and) is expected to fall to $73 by 2030.

MIT Technology Review's 50 Smartest Companies of 2017

Intelligence pays. JL

MIT Technology Review reports:

These are the companies making the best use of the Internet, software, and other technologies to streamline their operations and create new market opportunities. But most companies aren’t actually harnessing new technologies very effectively. “Technologies are increasingly complex, and many firms may lack the competencies to adapt.”

Robots Start Working On Investment Bank Trading Floors

For now, the computers and algorithms are developing strategies which are then validated by humans.

But one suspects it won't be too long before the robots are second-guessing the humans. JL

Martin Arnold and Laura Noonan report in the Financial Times:

They are putting artificial intelligence to work among their star traders, allocating funds and analysing data to develop strategies. Artificial intelligence comes up with a trading optimisation strategy that is then validated by humans. When the strategies were back-tested, they achieved annualised returns of 10.3%, outperforming the 6.9% returns of the benchmark. (But) most AI success seems currently about doing what people do in terms of process, but more efficiently.

How Often Do Customers Pay Different Prices For the Same Product or Service?

Most of the time. And the variations are only related to volume in half the cases.

What is fascinating is that this is occurring in an era of greater transparency, information access, global sourcing and sophisticated data analysis. Which begs the question as to why purchasers do not seem to be doing a better job of negotiating deals. Or perhaps their margins are better than reported. Caveat emptor. JL

Tyler Durden reports in Price Economics:

Two thirds of ingredients showed some same-day price variation. One third of items shifted in price by less than 10% of their average price. The remaining two thirds showed more dramatic price variations, with vendor prices varying up to 50% for the same item on the same day. The products with the most variable prices were diverse, encompassing produce and dry goods. For 50% of items, there was no relationship between price and volume purchased of that item.

Jul 6, 2017

Laptop Ban Led To 20% Drop In Flights For One Mideast Airline

Laptops? Guess they're not extinct after all. JL

Joe Mullin reports in ars technica:

Thanks To Augmented Reality, Your Desk Will Soon Be a Computer, Too

Given how small - and rare - personal office space has become and how many people rely on mobile phones as their primary technological interface, using surfaces to project images while keeping the memory and power source in the phone may actually make a lot of sense. JL

Elizabeth Stinson reports in Wired:

Desktopography works like an oversized touchscreen. “You want interface to escape from physical objects not escape from your hands.” Algorithms identify things like books, papers, and coffee mugs, and then plans the best possible location to project your calendar or Excel sheet. Desktopography gives preference to flat, clear backgrounds, but in the case of a cluttered desk, it’ll project onto the next best available spot.

The 11 Industries Most Likely To Be Affected By Artificial Intelligence

Few surprises  - construction, banking, health care, manufacturing, etc -  but the report reinforces the evidence that those industries hit are also the ones with the largest impact on employment. JL

Sam Shead reports in Inc.:

"The question is whether the impact will be positive or negative?" reads the ARM report. "On one hand, increased automation means greater efficiency and productivity, better employee safety and even a higher standard of living (more free time, lower prices). However, AI may also cause job losses and fundamentally change traditional employment."

The Real Reason Tesla May Be Worth More Than General Motors

Data: it's collection, analysis and application to cost reduction and performance improvement. JL

James Surowiecki reports in MIT Technology Review:

The ability to gather enormous amounts of data and analyze it efficiently is part of the reason investors think Tesla is more valuable than General Motors. After a traditional car company sells a car, its relationship with thecustomer is limited. Tesla, by contrast, collects terabytes of driving data from its customers. That data is then put to use in improving the self-driving features of its cars. Tesla’s advantage in data is likely to translate into a huge advantage in making safe and effective self-driving cars.

How Apple Is Preparing For the Death of the iPhone

Methodically. JL

Kif Leswing reports in Business Insider:

The smartphone market is not the growth engine it was a few years ago. Apple has never minded cannibalizing its own products. The question is whether Apple is willing to cut into its iPhone sales to get a jump on the next big thing. "Apple will do 'heart transplants.' It is going to take longer than you would think, but it is eventually going to replace the phone."

New Tech Jobs Emphasize Skills, Not Degrees

Successful companies, local governments and NGOs are recognizing that investment in training and certification - especially in areas away from more expensive coasts and cities - may be the most cost effective means of addressing their needs for tech-savvy workers.

As demand for tech skills continues to grow, enterprises may find that the best source of new talent already works for them, but in jobs where their potential is not being recognized. JL

Steve Lohr reports in the New York Times:

As the United States struggles with how to match good jobs to the two-thirds of adults who do not have a four-year college degree, a worker’s skills can be emphasized over hiring filters like college degrees, work history and personal references. These jobs have taken off in tech (because): computing skills tend to be well defined (and), demand for tech skills is surging. IBM has 5,000 job openings in the US. New-collar workers can help meet its work force needs — and inexpensively if those workers are far away from urban centers.

Jul 5, 2017

Deep Learning Neural Nets Enable Computers To Interpret Vision As Well As Humans

The implications are significant for manufacturing, driverless cars and any other task in which interpretation of images contributes to performance.

Or, it's another means by which automation can be designed to rival, if not exceed, human performance. JL

Apurv Mishra reports in Scientific American:

Breakthroughs in deep learning have enabled computers to interpret images as successfully people do. Companies are selling products that exploit the technology, which is likely to take over or assist in a wide range of tasks, from driving trucks to diagnosing medical disorders. Convolutional neural network (CNN) allow machines to excel because it is better able to learn, and draw inferences from, subtle, telling patterns in the images.

How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing the Way Marketers Analyze Consumer Behavior

Context, not just content. JL

Rakia Reynolds reports in Forbes:

Communications used to be predictive: We could post at a certain time of day to optimize views, but because algorithms and growth hacking are changing at a rapid rate, this is no longer possible. New technologies helps us make the most of data and analytics to build insights on optimal brand targeting. The goal is to achieve a better understanding of what customers want. From its ability to personalize marketing strategies, (and)  to allow micro-segmentation in mass communications, the use of AI is significant.

The Reason Smartphones Are Providing Better Insights For Medical Researchers

People are far more comfortable responding to medical survey requests by smartphone than by traditional methods.

This has led to more data of better quality (broader demographics, fewer inherent biases, more detail) which means the knowledge gained is more broadly applicable, more accurate - and for providers, more profitable. JL

Charles Wallace reports in the Wall Street Journal:

Studies confirmed that surprisingly large numbers of people can be recruited into long-term research studies on mobile phones; that their consent to participate can be obtained more easily than in conventional studies; and that the medical data obtained can be made anonymous, collected and analyzed by advanced algorithms in ways never before imagined. (An) app used an algorithm (that) can detect Parkinson’s from a digital voice file with 98% accuracy.

How GE Is Building Its Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Workforce

GE is identifying smart, skilled experts in other fields who already work at the company and then giving them the opportunity to gain certification in data analytics.

The goal is to keep talented people, increase their range and combine their existing knowledge with new skills so as to hasten the achievement in a corporate strategy based on the company's ability to gather data from sensors in the machines it sells and use that to help clients solve problems. For a fee. JL

Elizabeth Woyke reports in MIT Technology Review:

GE hopes to become one of the world’s top software providers by 2020, a quest that amped up in 2011 with a $1 billion initiative to collect and analyze sensor data from machines. Creating smarter models via AI is the next step in the company’s strategy. To develop these systems, GE researchers need to understand both the physics of the machines and the AI algorithms. 400 employees from across the company have completed GE’s certification program for data analytics, and 50 scientists have moved into digital analytics jobs.

The App Economy Will Grow To $6.3 Trillion in Five Years, User Base To Double

Western markets may lag Asian and other developing markets in terms of growth due to legacy systems but will eventually catch up and possibly surpass them.

Marketers must prepare for these trends and for the stress they will put on existing systems, processes and personnel. JL

Sarah Perez reports in Tech Crunch:

These figures represent more than just the revenue generated through app stores. It also took into account other forms of monetization, like in-app ads and mobile commerce. Today, the 3.4 billion app users, spend $379 in apps across all three forms of monetization last year, or $0.80 per hour, per person. This will grow to $1,008 per user by 2021.Consumer spend across app stores will reach $139 billion by 2021. Google Play combined with third-party Android marketplaces is expected to overtake the iOS App Store this year, largely thanks to China.

Why Good Management Appears To Be the Best Predictor of Firm Success

Good managers - and management - turn out to be less common and more valuable than other factors driving economic performance.

Since companies like GE, Google, Procter & Gamble and Pepsi have long been poached as recruitment targets for the quality of their managers, the question these data raise is why so many enterprises appear to have such a difficult time identifying, training and, yes, managing their managements. JL

Nicholas Bloom and colleagues report in Harvard Business Review:

Management techniques explained 18% of the difference. R&D accounts for 17%; employee skills, 11%; and IT spending, 8%. Firms in more competitive industries and in those in more pro-business states, tended to be better managed. Firms with more college graduates and firms located near universities adopt better management practices. Being located near a successful large new entrant improved practices. Good management is relatively rare and incredibly valuable. Great managers make great management.

Jul 4, 2017

Things the iPhone Killed

Cameras. Maps. Voice recorders. Games. Watches. Flashlights. Radios. Photo albums. Encyclopedias. Among others.

But it's the things it will replace that may be of greater interest. JL

Heather Kelly reports in Money:

The device was a well-timed, smartly executed culmination of multiple trends already happening in the industry. "The thing that Apple did super well, and I would argue better than anyone else, is they figured out the user interface for this small form factor."

Foods You Never Knew You Could Cook On a Grill

There are limits.Usually. Happy Fourth of July. JL

Alison Milam reports in Recipes:

It turns out that there are all sorts of unexpected foods that are totally and completely awesome cooked on the grill.

Social Media Is Not Destroying America

It may be giving voice to attitudes that civilized peoples would rather not hear, but it is also providing a forum for those resisting that tide. So far, successfully. JL

Emily Parker reports in Slate:

The current pessimism about technology is partly the result of unrealistic expectations that the internet would somehow set us free. The internet isn’t inherently liberating or repressive. If we went a little overboard with our techno-exuberance, now the pendulum may be swinging too far in the other direction. “The only way that we will assert popular resistance against autocratic control of technology is by seizing the means of information. We’re not going to get there with tin cans and string.”

Science Explains the Reason So Many Executives Behave Badly

The characteristics which make for a great innovator - challenging norms, overcoming obstacles, confronting conflict - are not the same as those for a successful transformational leader. Which is why Travis Kalanick may have been just the person to start Uber, but not the one to realize its greater vision.

The issue is whether an individual can convert from one type to the other. Or how to know when it is time to change. JL

Nick Tasler reports in Quartz:

Personality research shows that people score high on “agreeableness” are less likely to challenge existing rules and violate expectations about how things are supposed to be done. Given this resistance to conflict, it’s not surprising that agreeable people are less likely to bring creative innovations to life. But it’s almost impossible for a CEO to act callously toward people and still be an effective, transformational leader.

The Future of Stuff: Having More, Owning Less

Digitization means that many previously tangible goods can become intangible through subscription, leasing or renting: music, literature, clothes, apartments and autos being among the examples already being monetized.

The interesting question is to what degree there may be limits to consumers' willingness to rent versus own, but some of that may be determined by economics, including tax laws which currently favor ownership. JL

Vanessa Ramirez reports in Singularity Hub:

Digitization means all kinds of media can be stored, streamed, or downloaded in seconds. “If we can deliver intangibles anytime, anywhere, to anybody, that instant aspect of them means we don’t have to own them anymore." And if you can summon a car to pick you up within minutes, why own one, especially when owning means storing, cleaning, maintaining, and insuring? Subscribing gives all the benefits of owning without any of the liabilities.

Why Middle America Is More Innovative Than Many People (Including Investors) Think


As technological acuity becomes more widespread, it is natural that more locations will offer better opportunities to tech workers, business alliance partners and investors.

If the urban model continues to prevail, cities away from the coasts with a first mover advantage like Austin, Boulder/Denver, Detroit/Ann Arbor and Columbus (all built around strong academic institutions) will be the first to benefit. But as global competition continues to grow, the lesson of China, in which 'secondary' cities became the center for much of that country's technological and industrial renaissance may soon become more competitive based on their lower costs and skilled, eager workforce. JL

Ben Schiller reports in Fast Company:

When asked to name the most innovative region in the country, only 10% selected the Midwest. Less fashionable towns and cities attract startups by offering cheaper operating space, selling themselves as test markets for new products and services, and by supporting wellbeing, as opposed to the harshness of (in) Manhattan or Palo Alto.

Jul 3, 2017

The Real Reason Why People Aren't Opening Your Emails

Capture their attention or die. JL

Alison Davis reports in Inc.:

For the foreseeable future, email is here to stay as a foundation of internal communication. Email is simply too universal, too easy to use and too convenient to recklessly abandon. 47% of recipients decide whether to open an email based solely on the subject line. So when you create subject lines that are meaningless or irrelevant, you've missed the opportunity to capture attention.

The Information Age Is Over. Welcome To the Machine Learning Age

Which, as the following article points out, is still ultimately powered by humans. JL

John Brandon reports in Venture Beat:

Information is everywhere. That’s a given. Now, prepare for another shift. AI cannot exist without crowdsourced data. The machine learns from the crowd by gathering data. We see this play out with autonomous cars. Cars analyze thousands of data points using sensors that watch how people drive on the road. The irony here? The machine age is still human-powered.

How Artificial Intelligence Is Improving the Justice System

Saving time and money in document management, but with the added benefit of identifying, interpreting and then projecting conclusions which may be able to assess guilt and innocence in criminal cases or the veracity and utility of historic data and projections in civil cases. JL

Rowland Manthorpe reports in Wired:

Barristers were wading through 3,000 documents a day. RAVN processed 600,000 daily - with fewer errors than the lawyers.“Where someone has scanned a 300-page document, it's not uncommon to put one in upside down by mistake. We need to deal with that real world of messy datasets. It cut out 80% of the work. It also saved us a lot of money." Using data buried in documents, its system could suggest likely outcomes of mergers and acquisitions, or true estimates of project costs.

With Alphabet, Google Faces Daunting Challenge of Organizing Itself

The question is whether the creation of Alphabet as a structural framework within which to more productively channel Google's disparate assets will optimize performance and results. JL

Julia Love reports in Reuters:

The Alphabet structure is Google’s stab at an age-old corporate conundrum: sustaining innovation within a giant enterprise. (But) it's not yet clear the structure will enable Alphabet to do what most companies cannot: conceive the next wave of innovation in-house or through the development of key acquisitions. That goal is central to both the company's mission and investor expectations

Bitcoin, Blockchain and the Unbundling of Capital

The challenge faced by proponents of crytocurrencies - as well as those who may be thinking about using them - is whether their hope to supplement or even replace existing systems will provide cheaper, faster and higher returns more equitably and safely distributed. Or not. JL

Abhishek Kothari reports in Medium:

There are roughly 863 cryptocurrencies/tokens in the market today. The total cryptocurrency market has a market capitalization of $100 billion which is roughly equal to the amount of venture capital deals entered into in 2016. Blockchain and its applications in the form of Bitcoin, Ether and other cryptocurrencies/tokens have opened up the debate on greater efficiency, transparency and democratization of the entire capital raising lifecycle i.e. from angel investments to IPO’s.

What If the Data Science 'Skills Gap' Is Really a Management Hiring Mess?

Quality. Knowledge. Innovation. Technology. Disruption. Data science?

For too many enterprises, data science is just another buzz word which they want to be able to say they're invested in in order to impress analysts, colleagues and golf partners. They have not thought through the strategic goals to which it can contribute or the organizational changes it will require.

The imposition of unnecessary and even foolish degree requirements (only one quarter of working data scientists are PhDs) or experience demands (it's a new field; no one has much experience) combined with the absence of strategic thinking about how, what, when and why they might contribute to competitive advantage has generated wailing about a fictitious gap which could optimally be addressed by systemic analysis and planning. JL

Vin Vashista reports in Fast Company:

The problem is that many companies view data science and machine learning as checkboxes on their operational to-do lists. Hiring a data scientist checks the box, and they’re done. Businesses that haven’t teased out the connection between that role and the return on investment they’re expecting from it won’t ever have the right tools to hire appropriately.

Jul 2, 2017

Cities See Driverless Car Testing Boom As New Gold Rush

But Pittsburgh's soured relationship with Uber suggests this may not become a shower of cash for urban areas. JL

Brent Snavely reports in the Detroit Free Press and USA Today:

The development of self-driving cars has pitched a handful of cities into a new gold rush, a chance to be on the forefront of a new technology that will give rise to billion-dollar companies and thousands of newjobs.Automakers, suppliers and technology companies are clustering in certain cities to test their vehicles. In others, governors and mayors are beckoning the industry to come to their states by changing laws or touting other inducements.

The Pentagon Looks At the Future of War and Sees...Video Games

Life copies art - and vice versa. JL

Nicholas Thompson reports in Wired:

"In the age of the Internet of Things, our senses no longer define the boundaries of our perception." Soldiers in the near future will live in a world with almost infinite available information. The videogame industry has already cracked the code. The (Pentagon) plans to approach the gaming industry with an idea: You build the Pentagon the systems it wants and give it exclusive access for, say, six months. And then everything can go back into the game. “We don’t own the product, we own the time,”

Will China Save the US Economy?


As US companies become less willing to accept business risk, enterprises from countries like China, whose economic advantages are disappearing, may be the key to future growth in innovation, investment and jobs.  

Alana Semuels reports in The Atlantic:

In 2016, Chinese businesses spent $46 billion on foreign direct investment in the United States. Wages aren’t the only costs in China that are rising. The price of electricity has increased 15%, and industrial land is becoming more expensive. Taxes are high as well. Foreign companies are responsible for many of the jobs in states like Ohio today—they employ 18.5% of manufacturing workers in the U.S. New-business creation is faltering in America, with the number of new start-ups at 40-year lows. Foreign investment could be a key

The Real Threat of Artificial Intelligence

It isn't robots. JL


Kai-Fu Lee comments in the New York Times:

Most of the money being made from artificial intelligence will go to the United States and China. A.I. is an industry in which strength begets strength: The more data you have, the better your product; the better your product, the more data you can collect; the more data you can collect, the more talent you can attract; the more talent you can attract, the better your product.

The Reason Conspicuous Consumption Is So Over.

Tangible assets no longer offer the status-enhancing differentiation they did in the 20th century.

The truly rich are investing in intangibles like education, health care and political influence which have the benefits of extending both their power and their lives. JL

Elizabeth Currid-Halkett reports in Aeon:

The democratisation of consumer goods has made them far less useful as a means of displaying status. In the face of rising social inequality, both the rich and the middle classes own fancy TVs and nice handbags. Since 2007, the US’s top 1% (earning $300,000 per year) are spending significantly less on material goods. Eschewing an overt materialism, the rich are investing more in education, retirement and health – all of which are immaterial, yet cost many times more than any handbag

Which Jobs Will Still Be Around in 20 Years?

Those that involve 'creativity, unpredictability and building complex relationships.' In other words, those that cannot - yet - be anticipated, routinized and managed by an algorithm.

But as technology advances, thanks to artificial intelligence and augmented reality, the definition of what is creative versus what is routine may evolve. After all, who ever thought your taxes would be done or your car fixed or your pizza flipped by a robot? JL

Arwa Mahdawi reports in The Guardian:

The first is jobs that involve “genuine creativity, such as being an artist, being a scientist, developing a new business strategy”. The second is occupations that involve building complex relationships with people: nurses, for example, or a business role that requires you to build close relationships with clients.The third is jobs that are highly unpredictable – for example, if you’re a plumber who is called out to emergencies in different locations.