Russia, Once Thought To Be World's EW Leader, Deposed By Ukraine

Russia was once thought to have an unparalleled and possibly unbeatable lead in electronic warfare. 

But like much of the mythology around its military prowess, Ukraine has proven to be more adept - and adaptable - at fighting this crucial, hidden and lethal form of warfare. JL

Chris Panella reports in Business Insider:

Electronic warfare has become as pervasive on the battlefield in Ukraine as drones are, jamming and confusing drones and traditional weapons. It's an unseen threat demanding frequent adaptation. In response, drone technology has started to evolve with unjammable fiber-optic drones. Ukraine's forces have worked to adapt to Russia's jamming, relying on alternative systems that don't depend on GPS, using other guidance mechanics, or locating and destroying Russian electronic-warfare sites. Ukraine has also developed its own techniques to scramble Russian drones and missiles. Each brigade has its own EW division focused on detecting and jamming Russia's EW, comms, and command systems.

Drone operators flying uncrewed aircraft over Ukraine are constantly running into invisible shields, causing them to suddenly lose control of their drones as signals are severed.

Everything's normal, and then suddenly, the controls are dead, feeds are out, and it's gone.

Electronic warfare has become as pervasive on the battlefield in Ukraine as drones are, jamming and confusing drones and traditional weapons alike.

 

It's an unseen threat demanding frequent adaptation. Ukraine's special drone unit, Typhoon, told Business Insider that this "hidden electronic warfare battle" makes drone warfare much more complicated for operators.

Electronic warfare refers to a variety of combat actions in the electromagnetic spectrum. For instance, jammers flood radio frequencies with noise, signals can be scrambled, and GPS systems can be spoofed. EW, as it is called for short, arose as a prominent countermeasure to the prolific use of cheap combat drones by both Ukraine and Russia.

In response, drone technology has started to evolve, with unjammable fiber-optic drones emerging in battle. These drones are tethered to the operator by a fiber-optic cable, ensuring a stable connection even in heavy EW environments.

Electronic warfare has affected more than just drones. It has also impacted Western- and US-provided precision weapons. US officials have described adversary EW as an ongoing challenge requiring new solutions for both the war in Ukraine and future conflicts.

 

Typhoon said the electronic warfare battle "plays a crucial role in modern warfare."

The unit said in response to BI's queries that electronic warfare is forcing Ukrainian drone units to do a lot more work before launching their uncrewed reconnaissance or strike systems. It also requires that they employ their own countermeasures.

Typhoon told BI that the unit's drone operators "must constantly analyze and adapt to the battlefield's electronic environment, identifying gaps in enemy jamming coverage to configure drones accordingly."

 

Ukraine's forces have worked to adapt to Russia's jamming, sometimes relying on alternative systems that don't depend on GPS, using other guidance mechanics, or locating and destroying Russian electronic-warfare sites. Ukraine has also developed its own techniques to scramble Russian drones and missiles.

 

Jamming is among the more prominent methods of neutralizing enemy drones. Intense jamming in certain areas of the front has kept many drones from reaching their intended targets.

In the Ukrainian army, every drone operation team "requires a jamming system mounted on their vehicle when deploying to their position, along with a tool capable of identifying the frequency of radio signals," Typhoon said, highlighting the complexities of countering modern threats.

Each brigade, too, has its own electronic warfare division focused on detecting, jamming, and disrupting Russia's electronic warfare, communications, and command systems.

Typhoon said operators engage in an ongoing process of analyzing signals, changing the frequencies their drones work on, and employing countermeasures. All of these are "invisible yet essential" components of successful drone operations, the unit said.

 

Ukraine's efforts to expand its development and use of uncrewed systems.

 

Its operators, the number of which the unit wouldn't disclose for security reasons, have to be flexible and quick-thinking. The unit said that while fighting isn't like playing a video game, gamers can, in some cases, make good pilots because they may have already developed those skills.

Its engineers, likewise, must rapidly analyze and develop drone configurations.

But countering EW is a constant process and sometimes requires new strategies. A major part of the work being done by units like Typhoon is creating a favorable environment for launching their systems. That includes using electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems to identify what frequencies Russia is using for its jamming operations and then quickly configuring their drones to operate on alternative ones.

"This is an ongoing challenge," Typhoon said, "as the enemy continuously analyzes UAV frequencies and updates their jamming technology to adapt."

Oleksandr Yarmak has not the slightest sympathy for Russians.

At 33, he is head of research and development in Ukraine’s drone warfare, devising ever more creative ways to make the most of the lethal technology.

He is also a chart-topping artist who has used his years fighting on the frontline turning his experiences into rap songs that have become national war chants.

His troops watch their Russian counterparts on Ukrainian military feeds bowing, waving, curling up in terror, and sometimes just standing still, in the final seconds before a drone hits them.

 

Ukraine is locked in the Western world’s first 21st century war where tiny aircraft dominate the battlefield and hunt individual soldiers. These are chased down by pilots from Unmanned System Force (USF), who hide in bunkers.

 

Pilots wearing First Person View (FPV) headsets say the drone’s-eye perspective can reveal the very look on a soldier’s face in the moment of his death. Drone pilots kill by crashing the drone into his body and blowing it apart.

Small wonder Russian troops call these night-time Ukrainian drones “Baba Yaga”. Generations of children have been terrified by the tales of the legendary witch who flies in a basket paddled by broom sticks and bakes babies alive. Now Baba Yaga brings death by dropping bombs from a flying basket made of carbon fibre and whizzing plastic.

A prototype drone sits in the corner of an office where Yarmak and I meet. It can fly almost silently at night and find its victims in total darkness, using thermal imagery. It carries at least four bombs.

 

Its Ukrainian name is “Vampire”.

 

Yarmak began his military career in 2022, signing up when Russia launched its full-scale invasion. Soon, like many others, he found small commercial drones could be adapted to drop grenades and mortar bombs on Russian troops.

He progressed to command a frontline drone unit and his recent drone targets are recorded on video.

In one of his best-known singles, “Babylon”, he sings:

“Those who rejoice in launching a Shahed [Russian UAV] into a child’s room.

[are] A mistake of creation, an unfinished code.

Having been given a body [born] into a world of music and theatre.

They pull the Soviet oar. Half a world from home, brutalised from birth, thirsty for blood, just pure evil.”

 

Drones are in short supply, as are long-range rockets, so the country has adapted. Yarmak says 80 per cent of enemy casualties are caused by drones.

 

The Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) developed Baba Yaga from an agricultural drone once used for spraying fields. Yarmak is now developing land-based drones and hints at sophisticated new weapons to be unveiled later this year. The annual budget for his new force is reported to be around $1.3bn.

But the drone battle cuts both ways, with Russia’s accuracy causing devastation on the Ukrainian side.

Vitaly runs a makeshift battlefield medical centre dealing with grievously wounded soldiers on Ukraine’s frontline. He grabs his head with both hands as if struck by a migraine.

“Drones? Ask a wounded soldier what they are. You will see the silent horror in his eyes. They are such a plague that no one can move on the frontline,” says the anaesthetist in charge of the “stabilisation unit”.

 

Vitali guesses that 98 per cent of the wounded he’s treated have been hit by Russian drones. On average his unit sees about 20 soldiers a day who are brought, mostly at nightfall, from the battlefield a few miles away.

 

wounded have been torn by shrapnel from drones.

In Ukraine, the commander of the newly formed 414 Strike Drone Battalion, Yevhen Karas, works closely with Yarmak in developing and testing new technologies.

Ukraine has hit targets in Moscow and other areas deep inside Russia using long-range drones that have evaded air defences to attack airfields and refineries.

Karas says: “We have the best systems of deep-strike drones. We can fly hundreds of kilometres and make big problems for Russian military bases, airbases and… I think 2025 will be the year of very big development of the land systems of drones.”

He hints that battlefield evacuations by unmanned stretcher-machines could save lives and that more lethal developments would be “huge”.

In the “meat grinder” conflict on Ukraine’s eastern front, Russia has been making small gains at an enormous cost. Several frontline officers, including Karas, all describe how Russian tactics have changed with the swarming of the skies.with tanks and artillery because the heavy equipment is so vulnerable to drone attacks.

Instead, reconnaissance drone video recordings show small groups of Russian infantry trying to sneak forward.

“They come up a road, say three of these [Russian] losers. One gets killed, two go. They sit in a trench. Then another three, next day. Two more killed, one gets to the trenches. When they have five or six men they start to attack and move forward like that,” explains Karas.

“Generally the hottest point of [the] frontline usually is fights with three or five Russian infantrymen. Russia is suffering heavy casualties. We’re killing more men but destroying fewer tanks and artillery. It’s infantry, infantry, infantry,” he says.

Eugene, a former frontline drone operator who was wounded fighting Russia, is now an engineer and part of a programme training Baba Yaga pilots, which can take up to three months.

Tucked into tree lines, heavily camouflaged, the training team knows that Russian reconnaissance drones could be silently tracking them.

 

The key, for Ukraine, is to stay ahead of Russian technology as both sides race towards using artificial intelligence in drone warfare and to turn flying machines into autonomous executioners.

As Yarmak sings in “Wilderness”: “I am a natural born Cossack musician. Doom awaits all barbarians here…”

His music is haunting but it’s the drones he’s developing that he wants to be Russia’s real-world nightmare.